BIOLOGY STUDYGUIDE—DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. A gene is actually a piece of _____________________.
2. Genes contain instructions for making ______________________. Genes determine an organism’s inherited traits. Therefore, an organism’s inherited traits depend on the
___________________________ that it makes.
3. What are the complementary base pairings in DNA?
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4. What are the complementary base pairing in RNA?
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5. The two purine bases are _____________________ and _______________________.
6. The two pyrimidine bases are ____________________ and ______________________.
6. Of what two molecules is the backbone of a DNA molecule made?
7. Who were the two men to discover the structure of the DNA molecule?
8. What did the above men suggest about the general structure of the DNA molecule?
9. The percentage of what two molecules in DNA would be the same?
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10. Describe the location of DNA in eukaryotic cells.
11. The process by which a DNA molecule is copied is called _____________________.
12. What is true of the two new DNA molecules after DNA is copied?
13. What is the key feature of DNA that allows it to be copied?
14. Arrange the following parts of a cell in order from largest to smallest in size:
Cell, chromosome, DNA, nucleotide, nucleus
15. The name for the bonds, that are easily broken during replication or transcription, and that hold the nitrogen bases together is _______________________________________.
16. The process that forms messenger RNA is called ______________________________.
17. RNA and DNA are polymers. What are the monomers that make up these molecules?
18. In what part of the cell does transcription occur?
19. What are the three types of RNA?
20. Which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis?
21. Which types of RNA are copied from DNA?
22. Draw a diagram of ribosomal RNA
23. Draw a diagram of messenger RNA.
24. Draw a diagram of transfer RNA with an amino acid attached.
25. Ribosomes are made of ________________ and ______________________.
26. Draw a diagram of transcription. Label the mRNA, the DNA strand from which it is copied, a codon, and the start codon.
27. Draw a diagram of translation. Label the mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids
Draw a diagram of the following:
28. A pyrimidine base
29. A purine base
30. A nucleotide with its three parts
31. A phosphate group
32. A molecule of DNA, 5 nitrogen base pairs long.
33. What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
34. What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide?
35. During replication, what strand of DNA would match this strand of DNA?
A T C G T A G
36. During transcription, what strand of mRNA would match this strand of DNA?
A T C G T A G
37. During translation, what strand of tRNA would match this strand of mRNA?
U A G C A U C
38. The sugar found in DNA is ___________________________.
39. The sugar found in RNA is ___________________________.
40. The other molecule that is found in DNA, but not in RNA is ______________________.
41. The other molecule that is found in RNA, but not in DNA is _____________________.
42. The molecules that are found in both RNA and DNA are ______________________,
_____________________, _____________________, and ________________________.
43. What is produced during transcription?
44. Is the RNA molecule formed during transcription single or double stranded?
45. How does the RNA molecule that is formed during translation compare to the DNA molecule from which it is formed?
46. Where in the cell does transcription occur?
47. How many nitrogen bases are found in one codon?
48. How many codons are needed to specify one amino acids?
49. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids?
50. Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon?
51. The order of nitrogen bases in DNA determines the order of ____________________ in proteins.
52. What happens during the process of translation?
53. During translation, what two things determine the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide chain?
54. What amino acid is specified by the start codon?
55. What amino acid is specified by a stop codon?
56. What determines the type of amino acid that bonds with the tRNA molecule?
57. How do you read a codon chart?
What happens in each of the following mutations?
58. Frameshift—
59. Point—
60. Deletion—
61. Inversion—
62.Substitution—
63. Insertion—
64. Tranlocation—
65. Nondisjunction—
Draw a diagram to illustrate each of the following mutations.
66. Frameshift—
67. Point—
68. Deletion—
69. Inversion—
70. Substitution—
71. Insertion—
72. Tranlocation—
73. Nondisjunction—
74. Which of the above mutations (66-73) are gene mutations?
75. Which of the above mutations (66-73) are chromosome mutations?
76. Which of the above mutations (66-73) are frameshift mutations?
77. What might happen as the result of a somatic mutation to a skin cell?
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78. What type of mutations are passed on to offspring?
79. Why is a frameshift mutation so dangerous?
80. Something that can change the chemical nature of DNA it is called a ________________.